Journal of Research & Reviews in Social Sciences Pakistan
Journal of Research & Reviews in Social Sciences Pakistan is an official peer-reviewed journal of Kinnaird College for Women. Journal of Research & Reviews in Social Sciences Pakistan aims to provide a platform to the scientists working in all these fields to publish their original work. JRRSSP invites contributions from researchers, scholars and academics in the areas of social sciences. Issues per year: 2 Mode of publication: Online and Hard copy
THE IMPERIALISTIC NOTIONS IN THE LINGUISTIC ELEMENTS OF EDUCATION POLICY OF PAKISTAN (2009): A HISTORICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
The implementation of the use of English language in the educational structure of Pakistan has been in a hiatus because of political differences since the country became independent. This paper considers what it terms the imperialist politics behind the promotion of the English language in the most recent Education Policy of Pakistan. The over-representation of the English language in Pakistan has its imperialistic roots in the legacy left by British rule over subcontinent. This paper shows that the promotion of the official and second language of Pakistan in Education Policy has not only hindered the educational growth of the regional languages, but is also the by-product of the imperialism ingrained in the language through discourse-historical analysis. This paper considers the regional language to be limited as identity markers of nationhood in Pakistan, along with a hackneyed proclamation of the global significance of English language need in the Education Policy. It argues that linguistics imperialism in the Education Policy can lead to the disassociated identity of the speakers of regional languages and further social stratification in the country.
THE EFFECT OF DEPLOYMENT SEPARATION ON STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING AND RESILIENCE AMONG ARMY OFFICERS’WIVES
The present study aimed to investigate effect of deployment separation on stress, psychological wellbeing and resilience among army officers’ wives. Apart from wartime stressors, frequent relocation and deployment not only affect the military member but also their spouses; therefore, the study intended to see the relationship between the variables. The present research used correlational research design. Population for the research comprised of army officers’ wives who were approached through purposive sampling. The sample consisted of N=100 army officers’ wives. Perceived Stress Scale was used to measure stress level, the 18 item Ryff Well-being Scale was used to assess the Psychological Well-being and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) was used to measure resilience re spectively. In order to find the significant relationship between the three variables i.e. stress, psychological well-being and resilience Pearson Product Moment Correlation was used. The result indicates a significant relationship between variables i.e. there is a negative significant correlation between stress and psychological well-being. Similarly, there is a negative significant correlation between stress and resilience where as a positive significant relationship was viewed between psychological well-being and resilience. Findings suggest several implications such as providing grounds for further research. It can initiate positive social change, which may help in improving well-being for better coping and reducing stressors in the lives of army officer’s wives.
EVALUATION OF PSYCHOTHERAPY PRACTICE IN PAKISTAN - A QUALITATIVE EXPLORATION
The aim of the study was to investigate the ways in which psychotherapeutic interventions are being practiced in Pakistan currently. Other purposes of the study were to inquire about the outcome measures being used in the interventions and which measures are helpful to provide better results. Also in focus were the cultural barriers faced by the therapists and the clients during the interventions. For this purpose, five known psychologists were selected from two cities of the country, Lahore and Karachi. The study involved in depth structured interviews with the psychologists who helped shed light on the important aspects of therapy practice in Pakistan. The data was analyzed with the help of coding method of Grounded theory. The results highlighted the features of psychotherapeutic interventions in the country such as the effective ways of a therapy, forms of outcome measures and much more. The study revealed that personality of a therapist and client plus the therapeutic alliance helps to provide better results, both formal and informal assessments are used but informal assessments are better for Pakistan. Many cultural barriers are faced by the therapists such as joint family systems, stigmatization of psychological treatment and so on. The study also helped uncover some religious forms of interventions being used in the country and their efficacy. Also in addition the study compared the therapeutic practice of Pakistan with therapy practice abroad revealing that psychotherapeutic interventions in this country still require major work, training and supervision and that it cannot be internationally compared.
IN-DEPTH SCRUTINY OF CAREER AND EDUCATIONAL RELATED PROBLEMS FACED BY TRNASGENDERED COMMUNITY
The current study was conducted to explore the important topic of transgendered community and their education and career related problems. A qualitative research design with a purposive sampling was employed. For the data collection semi-structured interviews protocol was developed and in-depth interviews were conducted for exploration about their beliefs, practices, and experiences. Data were analyzed through Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Sample comprised of four transgendered with the age range of 28-40. The interviews were focused on their educational and career related problems. The analysis lead to emergence of these major themes: problems in education, stereotypes related to identity, access to health insurance and problems related to work environment. Results demonstrated that transgendered people live in poverty. They have also reported being homeless at some point in their lives. Moreover, they were being fired, denied of promotion, or experiencing mistreatment at the workplace due to their gender identity. The Pakistani Bureau of Statistics suggest a transgendered population of 10,418 population of transgendered, transgendered students were more likely than all other groups to report feeling unsafe at school because of transgendered, sexual orientation, and gender identity. They feel unsafe at work places. This study revealed that (55.4%) of transgendered students reportedly avoid school bathrooms. The study also revealed that based on gender expression and gender identity, 76.3% of transgendered students reported verbal harassment and 15.8% reported physical assault. Overall, findings demonstrated that while safety is a concern for many transgendered despite of gender identity, transgendered youth may face additional challenges. The current study highlighted the challenges faced by the transgendered community. In order to eradicate these issues faced by transgendered community important steps should be taken on governmental level as well as on societal level. Reforms should be made to ensure appropriate required services to assist transgendered community who have experienced violence and also need to enhance awareness in the general community about violence against the transgendered communities.
Honesty-Humility And Workplace Deviance: The Mediating Role Of Continuance Commitment
The purpose of art is to communicate and connect with the viewers. It provides a platform for expressiveness to the artists beyond any barrier of religion, culture or society. This medium of expression encompasses multiple stories that deals with human existence, growth, socio-political environment, religious beliefs, in short, it contributed in all the domains of life. In the contemporary age, art is also observed as a medium of expressing realities. Artists are employing this medium with freedom for expressing their inner reflections and with these concerns they are responding back to the society. They are addressing multiple queries and analyzing the socio-political scenario. Pakistani artists are also promisingly participating in raising their voice for recording their personal experiences while highlighting contemporary issues and their outcome in the society. After analyzing the present-day conditions of Pakistan as an outcome of extremism following 9/11, and the incline towards westernization in society, it is proposed that Pakistani art with focus on the philosophical understanding of khudi is much needed for revitalization in the present age. Following this thought provoking proposal, the visual expression of my artworks highlighted the need to integrate the comprehension of self/khudi in order to nurture this fruit of contemplation among the Muslim community in terms of providing a solution of the prevailing chaos presently observed in Pakistan. Negation of self-integrity has affected the face of Pakistan and in this scenario the key to unlock the actual visage, it is integral to have belief in self, individuality, and the teachings of the Holy Quran. Iqbal in twentieth century, looking at the conditions of the Muslims in the sub-continent asked them to elevate their self-esteem by comprehending the means of khudi, which is a gift of God for His mankind.
DERELICT PROVINCE: COVERAGE OF SOCIO-POLITICAL ISSUES OF BALUCHISTAN IN SELECTED PAKISTANI NEWSPAPERS
Baluchistan is the largest but at the same time neglected and under-developed province of Pakistan. The aim of the present research was to study the print media coverage of different issues prevailing in Baluchistan including missing persons, terrorism, military operations, human rights violation, government of Pakistan and foreign interference. It also explored newspapers’ reporting for analyzing media framing and news bias towards the province. In this paper the researcher also discussed whether and to what extent print media was biased during the whole coverage. The different issues and news bias was studied in the light of framing concept of agenda setting theory. The study was quantitative in nature, involving content analysis to examine the portrayal of Baluchistan by Pakistani English newspapers i.e. Dawn and The News during January to March 2012. The study focused on the foreign policies of Pakistan regarding the province as the covered in selected newspapers. It also contributed by adding into knowledge about the application of news bias and neutrality of the Pakistani press allowing audience to make an informed choice.
POPULAR CULTURE: EXPLORING ALTERITY IN TERMS OF FEMINISM AND POSTCOLONIAL FEMINISM IN SIA KATE FURLER’S “BIG GIRLS CRY” AND “NEVER GIVE UP”
“Big Girls Cry” is a song that is emphatic of how social gaze pushes efforts to be “tough”, they are not veritably acknowledged by the society. “Never Give Up” is a song that can be considered denotative of the women struggle in the post-colonial feminist paradigm. This paper carries out an exegesis of Gaytri Spivak’s concept of ‘Alterity’ as reflected in terms of Feminism and Post-Colonial Feminism in the music videos based on Sia Kate Furler’s songs, “Big Girls Cry” and “Never Give Up”, respectively. The music videos of the two songs share certain abstractions, binaries and motives that identify the need to transcend beyond concrete realities, parochial boundaries and restrictive barriers that fetter an individual’s imagination as well as his existence. The study chooses to analyze the visuals in tandem with lyrics in these videos because of the distinctive affinity that they share with the contemporary feminist and post-colonial feminist issues of otherness that the world currently confronts.
DETERMINANTS OF DIARRHOEA AMONG CHILDREN BELOW FIVE YEARS OF AGE IN PAKISTAN: A CASE STUDY OF PUNJAB PROVINCE
Diarrhoea is the second leading cause of child death worldwide. This study investigated the determinants of diarrhoea among children under five years of age in the province of Punjab, Pakistan. A sample of 26,079 children below the age of five was drawn from the Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey (PSLM) 2014-15. The chi-square test and multiple logistic regression were carried out to identify the determinants of diarrhoea. It was concluded that district, region, age, immunization, roofing material of the house and transport used to reach the nearest health unit were significantly associated with diarrhoea. Age of child, source of drinking water and region were significant predictors of diarrhoea among children under five years of age.
PRAGMATIC LINGUISTIC MARKERS FOR SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL THEMES IN KAFKA’S METAMORPHOSIS: (HOW KAFKA CONVEYS MEANING THROUGH HIS CHARACTERS CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURE, HAPTICS, PROXEMICS AND PARA LINGUISTICS)
The purpose of this research article is to identify linguistic markers and expressions that have underlying social and psychological themes. Hannah Arendt wrote about Kafka coming to share Marx’s fate: “Though during his lifetime he could not make a decent living, he will now keep generations of intellectuals both gainfully employed and well-fed” Kafka’s ability to condense the gloomiest and most twisted depths of the human mind and the collective mind-set within his characters has had a profound impact on many generations of novelists. Regarding himself the writer comments: “All I possess are certain powers that merge into literature at a depth almost inaccessible under normal circumstances. Complete indifference and dullness. A dried-up well, water in unreachable depths and uncertain even there.” Through research on his writing style, biography, and a close reading of his metamorphosis. This has been accomplished by extensive reviewing of research Journals and an overview of the illnesses and demons that plagued the writer. The books and journal articles used as reference material were retrieved using an assortment of modern techniques; a large section of the information was also accessed via internet archives and published text a qualitative analysis of the reference material led to recognition of socio-psychological themes such as isolation, alienation, pressure of a familial circle and separation. This paper will analyze linguistic markers in the short story “the metamorphosis” that indicate the presence of these themes. The paper affirms that Kafka has had a weighty influence on the generations of authors that will contribute to society when they speak of similar themes of isolation, loneliness and melancholy.
POWER DYNAMICS SHAPE THE IDENTITY OF A MINORITY (A STUDY OF PARSI MINORITY IN BAPSI SIDHWA’S ICE CANDY MAN)
It has been the dilemma of the minority that it has never been allowed to form its own identity. Its identity has always been defined by the dominant class. Parsi community is the endangered minority in the world. It is dispersed throughout the world without a homeland of its own. Parsis have always adopted the rules and customs of the majority of that country in which they settle. Bapsi Sidwah has written Ice candy man in the context of partition of united India in 1947. Being as Parsi herself she has also discussed through characters how Parsi community decides to follow rules and customs of that majority who will rule Pakistan. To support my argument from theoretical perceptive I will be referring to P.D.Nimsarkar’s essay “Dimensionality of History and Politics in Bapsi Sidhwa’s Ice Candy Man”. Nimsarkar’s has comprehensively elaborated the plight and miseries of Parsi community at the time of independence of Pakistan and India. He highlights the fears and confusion which a minority encounters when its’ fate lies in the hands of dominant ones. This research paper aims to elaborate that the identity of the Parsi minority is shaped by the majority with reference to Bapsi Sidhwa’s Ice candy man.
THE EVOLUTION OF PUPPET THEATER IN PAKISTAN
In this Paper the Evolution of puppet art and the origin of puppetry in Pakistan are explained. The roots of this art are traced back to the Indus valley civilization, to the Sub Continent, and eventually to the areas which are now known as Pakistan. Same like India there is no clear history of Puppet art in Pakistan. Underlying research has strived to explore the significance and the importance of the puppetry as an art form and some extent for the sake of education in Pakistan. This art is subject to decline because of lack of interest of the people in it. The research explains the evolution of puppetry, its origin, its different forms, its making, different govt. and non-government theaters, its comparison with other countries and the reasons of its decline. The research also counts the positive aspects of the puppetry that despite all the odds, this art is still alive and working in our society. The title of the promotion of this art goes to theaters and cultural bodies who run puppet shows on proper platform. Besides this many schools and colleges are also contributing to this field of art. It proves that the puppetry is in the cultural roots of the people of this region. If a nation is alive then its art and culture is also alive. Underlying research contributes towards creating awareness for this art and entertainment form.
IMAGES OF JUDICIAL ACTIVISM IN PAKISTAN: THE REPRESENTATION OF SUPERIOR JUDICIARY IN NATIONAL ENGLISH DAILIES
When judges set new precedents and interpret the law while applying their judicious mind, it is considered as judicial activism. The judiciary in Pakistan was active and bold after its restoration. Mainstream media gave full coverage to their steps taken for the public good. Leading English newspapers had their own view point regarding the role of judiciary. The current study has examined the framing of judicial activism by the English dailies, which created a particular image of judiciary among the masses. The op-ed pages reflect the policy of newspaper organization and the writer. These pages are mainly examined to probe the role of print media in framing the issues. The questions and hypotheses are analyzed to know whether judicial activism is good for the best interest of the public. The census method is applied to collect the data. The coding sheet is designed with different frames and slants and the data collected in the research is analyzed through SPSS version 22.
MODELING BLADDER CANCER PATIENTS DATA THROUGH AN SIA LOGSYMMETRIC DISTRIBUTION FOR ACHIEVING BETTER FIT
Demography is the study of facts and figures regarding human populations such as births, deaths, incidence of disease, etc. which illustrate the changing structure of populations of various countries of the world. In this paper, we consider a data-set pertaining to remission times of bladder cancer patients which has already been modeled by a few researchers using various probability distributions. With a view to obtaining an even better fit than those achieved so far, we apply one of the SIA log-symmetric distributions to this data-set utilizing the self inversion property for parameter-estimation. Evidently, the better the fit, the more accurate will be the estimation of probabilities of early remission, an information necessary for oncologists and cancer-care providers.
BEAUTY PRODUCT ADVERTISEMENTS IN PAKISTANI ‘SHE’ MAGAZINE: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
This study examines the beauty advertisements in local English magazine (print media) ‘SHE’ from the perspective of Critical Discourse Analysis. This study mainly focuses on the use of language and visuals in beauty advertisements and strategies employed by advertisers to manipulate and influence their customers. For this purpose, five advertisements from ‘SHE’ magazine have been selected and analyzed linguistically and visually. The linguistic analysis of these advertisements is based on Fairclough’s ThreeDimensional Model (1995) and the visual analysis is made through Kress and van Leeuwen’s Grammar of Visual Design (2006). This research is qualitative in nature. The findings show that the advertisers used various strategies to manipulate women by showing them an ideal image of beauty in the advertisements. The advertisements promote an idealized lifestyle and manipulate readers to a certain extent into believing whatever that is advertised is indeed true. This study reveals that the ideology of beauty is constructed against women by marginalizing them and limiting their role in society by the advertisers, who are actually the people in power and have their vested interests. The study also indicates that the language of advertisements is used to control people’s minds. Thus people in power, i.e. the producers of advertisements use language and visuals as a channel to exercise control over the female consumers of Pakistan. The future researchers can apply same models of analysis to study television advertisements to find the representation of women and survey can be conducted on why women are unable to realize that they have been manipulated by the advertisers in the name of beauty. Also, same models can be applied on to Pakistani Urdu magazine (print media) and T.V (electronic media) advertisements.
OCCUPATIONAL STRESS AND ITSEFFECTS ON JOB PERFORMANCE
This study is on the occupational stress and its effects on job performance. The main focus of study was the private organizations in service sector of Pakistan. Objectives of the study were to analyze the causes of stress and factors affecting job performance and then find out the relationship between stress and job performance. Hypotheses were raised to guide the study. Target study population consisted of the people who are employed in private organizations in service sector. Random sampling technique was used to select participants for study. Questionnaire was main instrument for data collection. 370 questionnaires were distributed. Out of which 240 were returned. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze data, along with other statistical tools like regression, correlation and scatter plot. Statistical methods used were mean, standard deviation, correlation and regression. The study findings revealed that various demographic factors like age, gender, qualification, experience and nature of appointment affect individual`s stress level at work as well as performance. It also reveals that stress has a strong positive correlation with job performance. Therefore this study depicts that stress is not always a negative phenomenon. A considerable amount of stress is essential at work place to keep employees motivated and focused. The study recommends that management should spend considerable time and energy to keep stress at a desirable level in an organization. Employees must be made aware of the concept of stress through trainings and most importantly there should be a proper reward system in the organization to keep employees satisfied with their efforts.
PORTRAYAL OF WOMEN FOR ADVERTISING EFFECTIVENESS IN PAKISTAN
Advertising is one of the potent tools that affect on the buying behavior of the consumers. Similarly for the effectiveness of TV ads women is being used in different roles. Therefore this study attempts to find out the effectiveness of women in TV ads in three different perspectives i.e. appealing to product, shown with cultural values and shown as sex objects in Pakistan. The data was collected through close ended questionnaire adapted in the light of the previous studies. Purposive sampling technique was employed and sample was taken from the university students who have seen the particular TV ads. The findings show that the commercials in which women are used as appeal to product have significant effects of the buying behavior of the consumers followed by the ads in which women shown with the cultural values and then the ads in which women were presented as sex objects in TV ads. The results reinforce the previous findings with stress upon the meaningful use of the women in TV ads in Pakistan.
UNVEILING THE EVIL; PAKISTANI YOUNG GIRLS AND ONLINE HARASSMENT
Where world is blessed with the countless usefulness of Internet, there are also some cons attached to the usage of internet. Online harassment is a global phenomenon and women in particular are in majority of the victims all around the world. In a country like Pakistan where internet and social networking sites are growing gradually and the cyber control laws are not up to the mark therefore online harassment cases are increasing. Therefore this study that is descriptive in nature was aimed to find out the online harassment cases and the experiences of the Pakistani young social media users. The findings showed that majority of the respondents have clear understanding about this phenomenon however they are unaware to cope with the situation therefore they are reluctant to report the formal complaints because of lack of proper training, unaware of how to report first and have fear of the outcomes if they report it. The results stressed upon the government and other relevant institutions to arrange online trainings, strict laws and an organized mechanism of implementation of the cybercrime laws.
INVESTIGATING PUBLIC FISCAL BEHAVIOR AND FOREIGN AID: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF PAKISTAN
The economic activity in Pakistan, like many other developing countries, is largely dependent on foreign aid. However, the benefits of foreign aid incurred by these countries depend on the way they use the aid. A major aspect of this is the fiscal policy of the government. This research studies the impact of foreign aid on the fiscal policy behavior of Pakistan and the resulting implications of that behavior. Secondary data has been taken from the years 1985-2014 for the purpose of this research. The methodology applied to this data is Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL). From the research it was concluded that foreign aid has a negative impact on public borrowing and thus has a negative impact on the fiscal behavior of the government.
THE IMPORTANCE OF DRAWING IN THE GRAPHIC DESIGN PROCESS; A STUDY FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF DESIGNERS
There has been a debate about the role of drawing by visual designers who use drawing to create creative and innovative tasks. Drawing is a tool which helps visual artists to achieve creative output. The study is qualitative in nature and is based on interviews with designers, the observation of drawing practices and the analysis of designer’s drawings. The study has been conducted with purpose to explore methods in which drawing is employed. Designers from Islamabad city were interviewed to analyze how they use and employ drawing to come up with solutions, and if drawing throughout the analysis and development of design solutions are important. Drawing was found to be used for nurturing creative behavior and for various modes of communication by members of the creative team. In this study drawing has been observed to be a mean for creative interchange in group sessions also designers agree that drawing helps them to stimulate ideas for creative process. The study is also based on representative model for the graphic design process.
PAKISTANI ART WITH FOCUS ON THE PHILOSOPHICAL UNDERSTANDING OF KHUDI: A NEED FOR REVITALIZATION IN THE PRESENT AG
The purpose of art is to communicate and connect with the viewers. It provides a platform for expressiveness to the artists beyond any barrier of religion, culture or society. This medium of expression encompasses multiple stories that deals with human existence, growth, socio-political environment, religious beliefs, in short, it contributed in all the domains of life. In the contemporary age, art is also observed as a medium of expressing realities. Artists are employing this medium with freedom for expressing their inner reflections and with these concerns they are responding back to the society. They are addressing multiple queries and analyzing the socio-political scenario. Pakistani artists are also promisingly participating in raising their voice for recording their personal experiences while highlighting contemporary issues and their outcome in the society. After analyzing the present-day conditions of Pakistan as an outcome of extremism following 9/11, and the incline towards westernization in society, it is proposed that Pakistani art with focus on the philosophical understanding of khudi is much needed for revitalization in the present age. Following this thought-provoking proposal, the visual expression of my artworks highlighted the need to integrate the comprehension of self/khudi in order to nurture this fruit of contemplation among the Muslim community in terms of providing a solution of the prevailing chaos presently observed in Pakistan. Negation of self-integrity has affected the face of Pakistan and in this scenario the key to unlock the actual visage, it is integral to have belief in self, individuality, and the teachings of the Holy Quran. Iqbal in twentieth century, looking at the conditions of the Muslims in the sub-continent asked them to elevate their self-esteem by comprehending the means of khudi, which is a gift of God for His mankind.
APPEARANCE SCHEMAS, SELF-ESTEEM AND ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
This study examines the relationship between appearance schemas, self-esteem and academic achievement among university students. The participants were 150 university students, Baccalaureate Program (Male= 43, Females= 56). Participants ages were ranged from 18 to 26 years (Freshmen=25%, Sophomores=25%, Juniors=21% and Seniors=29%). They were administered Appearance Schemas Inventory-Revised (ASI-R), Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (RSES) and Demographic Questionnaire. Cumulative grade point average (CGPA) was obtained for measuring the academic achievement of the participants. The data were collected through random sampling, Correlational research design was used, and data were analyzed using Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient and Independent sample t-test. The descriptive statistics included Means, Standard Deviations, Ranges and percentages. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) Version 22 was used for data analysis. The results showed negative relationship between appearance schemas and selfesteem, whereas non-significant relationship was found between appearance schemas and academic achievement (CGPA). Appearance schemas of males were significantly different from females. The results have clear implications as the present study highlights the aspect of appearance schema related to students’ self-esteem and academic achievement in modern era. This study paved the path for other researcher to work on appearance schemas and its relation to other factors. Also, Educational institutions can introduce courses on self-grooming and helping skills. Special counseling sessions can be offered for the students facing difficulties in life in terms of highly developed appearance schemas. Counselors can work on problems like time management, feelings of unworthiness when they do not like their appearance, and dissatisfaction with life because of appearance.
MAKING DEMOCRACY WORK CIVIC TRADITIONS INMODERN ITALY BY ROBERT D. PUTNAM- REVIEW OF BOOK
This article presents review on book “Making democracy work” by Robert D. Putnam which discusses the characteristics of regional governments of Italy. Author studied twenty regions of Italy.
THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND SOCIAL MEDIA AS TOOL FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN
Twitter, Facebook, and other social media has taken a front seat to other, more traditional ways of sharing information. This paper considers the social media as a major source and vehicle for development through choice and use of English as a medium. Pakistan, a former British colony has taken English, not as a foreign language but as a second language and so fits the bill as the language of wider communication (LWC).This paper shows how English can be used effectively in the social media for communication to encourage the populace into participate in national development by analyzing the posts through critical discourse analysis, through the adoption of the language intelligible to majority of the people, who use social media. The paper considers English as an ideal language for the masses to use in social media for sustainable development, as it is the international language. Through the use of English in social media not only make the masses familiar to the language but also introduce them to the trends and development of their nation
FERTILITY DIFFERENTIALS AMONG EDUCATED AND UNEDUCATED FEMALES IN RURAL AREA OF GUJRAT, PAKISTAN
The study was conducted to know the fertility differentials among educated and uneducated females in rural area of Gujrat, Pakistan. The target population of the study was married females from rural areas of Gujrat who completed at least 6 years of married life and having at least 2 children. The study involved a screening interview in first phase to identify the educated and uneducated married females who completed their 6 years of married life at least have 2 children. Purposive sampling form the non-probability sampling was used to select the respondent with the sample size of 136. Then in the final phase researcher conducted face to face interviews for collecting information from respondents by using questionnaire as data collection tool. Data was analyzed through Statistical package for Social Sciences (SPSS). According to the nature of the data descriptive statistics and chi-square test was used to get more accurate and reliable results. The research recorded slight fertility differentials among less educated and uneducated females but there was remarkably birth interval and notably low birth rate among highly educated females.
SINO-PAK CIVIC EDUCATION HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS AND COMMONALITIES IN CIVIC EDUCATION IN BOTH COUNTRIES THE PAKISTAN AND CHINA
China understood the problem after Japanese invaded China; the most of Chinese scholars came up with the question that why Japanese are victorious and we are losers. They visited different countries and also went through different scholarly findings from the west. Chinese scholars found that the people of China been treated as subjects of the state rather than citizens of China during the past centuries so they are not united. Due to disunity we are losers and Japanese and other western powers are victorious. They suggested that we should change the mind of our people by changing the trend of civic education. On the other hand Pakistan came into being in August14, 1947 when Brittishers left subcontinent. Brittishers used their own ways to teach Indian people and after they left Pakistan adopted that system of education with minor changes. These institutes are working under the commands of government. On the other hand Pakistan has another system of education “religious Madrassas” which do not work under the command of government. These two systems producing two types of citizens which is not good for the unity of citizens and it will lead to disunity and will damage economic growth of the country. For the continuation of economic growth it is necessary to have one system of education in Pakistan.
PICASSO'S ART DURING WORLD WAR, INFLUENCE OF WAR ON HIS ARTISTIC EXPRESSION
With the advent of modern art in 19th century, artist began experimenting for his self expression. During both the World Wars, the idea of self expression for an artist also took a rebellious move towards free will to get out of the frustration formed because of wars. Aim to write this paper is to prove the fact that the creativity and versatility of Picasso is due to great wars. If the World Wars would not have happened, the world could not have had Picasso as the Picasso who emerged as the most ingenious artist. To prove the fact, we analyzed the works of Picasso done during, before and after both the World Wars. Moreover, the creative side of his work lead art world of today to reach the horizon where it is standing today.
BODY IMAGE, GENERALIZED CONTENTMENT ANDPSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING IN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
This study investigated the relationship between body image, generalized contentment and psychological well-being in university students. Data was collected using Body Image Questionnaire (BIQ): An Extension, Generalized Contentment Scale (GCS) and Ryff’s Scales of Psychological Well-Being. Research sample consisted of N= 200 individuals (100 males and 100 females) who were within the age range of 18-25 years. All research participants were either undergraduate or graduate students from 8 different educational institutions of Lahore. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 18 was used to compute the data, Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient was used to find the relationship of body image with generalized contentment and psychological well-being, and Independent Sample t-test was used to find out the gender difference in body image, generalized contentment and psychological well-being among university students. Results indicated that body image was positively correlated with both generalized contentment and psychological well-being in university students. Also, males had a better body image, higher generalized contentment and greater psychological well-being as compared to females. Future implications of the present study were discussed.
ACADEMIC SUPPORT AND ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS: MEDIATING ROLE OF ACADEMIC STRESS
The current study aims to gauge the relationship between the academic support (supports from teachers & classmates) and academic achievement of university students; mediating role of academic stress. The total sample comprised of 180 university students whom were selected from two Government universities (IUB, & BZU) of Southern-Punjab, Pakistan by using convenient sampling. The sample for the study was justified by employing online A-priori statistics multiple regression analysis (Soper, 2018); where power and precision was 0.9% at the 95% confidence interval and the attrition rate was 20%. The present research was quantitative-crosssectional in nature. There were two questionnaires utilized for data collection; Teacher and Classmate Support Scale by Torsheim, Wold, and Samdal (2000) and Academic Stress Questionnaire (Lakaev, 2009), whereas academic achievement was calculated through (CGPA) Cumulative Grade Point Average. To analyze collected data, SPSS (23.0) was used. The results of this research revealed positive correlation (p < .01) between academic support (support of teacher & classmate) and academic achievement of university students. Whereas, the outcomes of mediation analysis through Process by Hayes (2013) endorsed academic stress was significant mediator (partially) between academic support and academic achievement of graduate university students. As far as the gender differences are concerned, female students received greater level of academic support, academic stress and academic achievement. The limitations and future avenues have also been furnished. This study would be beneficial for academia of Pakistan.
IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA MARKETING ON SELF-IDENTITY AND BRAND RELATIONSHIP QUALITY: THE MODERATING ROLE OF PRODUCT INVOLVEMENT
The current study aims at investigating the impact of social media marketing on self-identity and brand relationship quality with moderation of product involvement in the relationship between variables of interest. The study is carried out for the cosmetics sector. Using cluster sampling technique, a sample of 181 senior business students were selected to participate in the survey research. The results reveal that social media marketing has a positive significant impact on self-identity and on brand relationship quality. Further, self-identity has also positive impact on brand relationship quality. Moreover, the moderating role of product involvement in all the three direct relationships has been found significant. For practitioners, the findings will be helpful for understanding the importance of social media marketing in establishing two way communication, designing appropriate strategies for developing selfidentity and ultimately leading to improved brand relationship quality. This study opens a new horizon for identifying ways in which brand outcomes can be improved. Theoretically it measures the empirical significance of product involvement by linking it to self under theory of identification.
The artifact discusses if current news media can no longer be considered to occupy the position of a fourth estate. In order to hold a discussion on news media’s position of fourth estate, it is essential to examine the terms ‘news media’ and ‘fourth estate’.